"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"
LORENTZ, HENDRIK ANTOON, the Netherlands, Leyden University, * 1853, † 1928; and
ZEEMAN, PIETER, the Netherlands, Amsterdam University, * 1865, † 1943:
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
BECQUEREL, ANTOINE HENRI, France, École Polytechnique, Paris, * 1852, † 1908:
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity";
the other half jointly to:
CURIE, PIERRE, France, École municipale de physique et de chimie industrielles, (Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry), Paris, * 1859, † 1906; and his wife
CURIE, MARIE, née SKLODOWSKA, France, * 1867 (in Warsaw, Poland), † 1934:
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
"for his work on cathode rays"
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
MARCONI, GUGLIELMO, Italy, Marconi Wireless Telegraph Co. Ltd., London, Great Britain, * 1874, † 1937; and
BRAUN, CARL FERDINAND, Germany, Strasbourg University, Alsace (then Germany), * 1850, † 1918:
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia to the production of liquid helium"
"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"
BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM HENRY, Great Britain, London University, * 1862, † 1942; and his son
BRAGG, Sir WILLIAM LAWRENCE, Great Britain, Victoria University, Manchester, * 1890 (in Adelaide, Australia), † 1971:
"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"
"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"
"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
HERTZ, GUSTAV, Germany, Halle University, * 1887, † 1975:
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
COMPTON, ARTHUR HOLLY, U.S.A., University of Chicago * 1892, † 1962:
"for his discovery of the effect named after him"; and
WILSON, CHARLES THOMSON REES, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1869 (in Glencorse, Scotland), † 1959:
"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
DIRAC, PAUL ADRIEN MAURICE, Great Britain, Cambridge University, * 1902, † 1984:
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
"for the discovery of the neutron"
HESS, VICTOR FRANZ, Austria, Innsbruck University, * 1883, † 1964:
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"; and
ANDERSON, CARL DAVID, U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1905, † 1991:
"for his discovery of the positron"
DAVISSON, CLINTON JOSEPH, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, NY, * 1881, † 1958; and
THOMSON, Sir GEORGE PAGET, Great Britain, London Universi ty, * 1892, † 1975:
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
COCKCROFT, Sir JOHN DOUGLAS, Great Britain, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Didcot, Berks., * 1897, † 1967; and
WALTON, ERNEST THOMAS SINTON, Ireland, Dublin University, * 1903, † 1995:
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
BLOCH, FELIX, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1905 (in Zurich, Switzerland), † 1983; and
PURCELL, EDWARD MILLS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1912, † 1997:
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
BORN, MAX, Great Britain, Edinburgh University, * 1882 (in Breslau, then Germany), † 1970:
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"; and
BOTHE, WALTHER, Germany, Heidelberg University, Max-Planck Institut (former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut) für medizinische Forschung, Heidelberg, * 1891, † 1957:
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
LAMB, WILLIS EUGENE, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1913:
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"; and
KUSCH, POLYKARP, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1911 (in Blankenburg, then Germany), † 1993:
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
SHOCKLEY, WILLIAM, U.S.A., Semiconductor Laboratory of Beckman Instruments, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1910 (in London, Great Britain), † 1989;
BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, † 1991; and
BRATTAIN, WALTER HOUSER, U.S.A., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, * 1902, † 1987:
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
YANG, CHEN NING, China, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, U.S.A., * 1922; and
LEE, TSUNG-DAO, China, Columbia University, New York, NY, U.S.A., * 1926:
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
CHERENKOV, PAVEL ALEKSEYEVICH, USSR, Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1904, † 1990;
FRANK, IL'JA MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1908, † 1990; and
TAMM, IGOR YEVGENYEVICH, USSR, University of Moscow and Physics Institute of USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1885, † 1971:
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
SEGRÈ, EMILIO GINO, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1905 (in Tivoli, Italy), † 1989; and
CHAMBERLAIN, OWEN, U.S.A., University of California, Berkeley, CA, * 1920:
"for their discovery of the antiproton"
"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
HOFSTADTER, ROBERT, U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1915, † 1990:
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the stucture of the nucleons"; and
MÖSSBAUER, RUDOLF LUDWIG, Germany, Technische Hochschule, Munich, and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, U.S.A., * 1929:
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
WIGNER, EUGENE P., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1902 (in Budapest, Hungary), † 1995:
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles";
and the other half jointly to:
GOEPPERT-MAYER, MARIA, U.S.A., University of California, La Jolla, CA, * 1906 (in Kattowitz, then Germany), † 1972; and
JENSEN, J. HANS D., Germany, University of Heidelberg, * 1907, † 1973:
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
TOWNES, CHARLES H., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Cambridge, MA, * 1915; and the other half jointly to:
BASOV, NICOLAY GENNADIYEVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1922; and
PROKHOROV, ALEKSANDR MIKHAILOVICH, USSR, Lebedev Institute for Physics, Akademija Nauk, Moscow, * 1916:
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
TOMONAGA, SIN-ITIRO, Japan, Tokyo, University of Education, Tokyo, * 1906, † 1979;
SCHWINGER, JULIAN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1918, † 1994; and
FEYNMAN, RICHARD P., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1918, † 1988:
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying hertzian resonances in atoms"
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber an d data analysis"
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
ALFVÉN, HANNES, Sweden, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, * 1908, † 1995:
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magneto-hydrodynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"; and
NÉEL, LOUIS, France, University of Grenoble, Grenoble, * 1904:
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
BARDEEN, JOHN, U.S.A., University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, * 1908, † 1991;
COOPER, LEON N., U.S.A., Brown University, Providence, RI, * 1930; and
SCHRIEFFER, J. ROBERT, U.S.A., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, * 1931:
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
ESAKI, LEO, Japan, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, U.S.A., * 1925; and
GIAEVER, IVAR, U.S.A., General Electric Company, Schenectady, NY, * 1929 (in Bergen, Norway),
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
and the other half to:
JOSEPHSON, BRIAN D., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1940:
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"
RYLE, Sir MARTIN, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1918, † 1984; and
HEWISH, ANTONY, Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1924:
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
BOHR, AAGE, Denmark, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, * 1922;
MOTTELSON, BEN, Denmark, Nordita, Copenhagen, * 1926 (in Chicago, U.S.A.); and
RAINWATER, JAMES, U.S.A., Columbia University, New York, NY, * 1917, † 1986:
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
RICHTER, BURTON, U.S.A., Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, * 1931;
TING, SAMUEL C. C., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, (European Center for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland), * 1936:
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
ANDERSON, PHILIP W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, * 1923;
MOTT, Sir NEVILL F., Great Britain, Cambridge University, Cambridge, * 1905, † 1996; and
VAN VLECK, JOHN H., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1899, † 1980:
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
KAPITSA, PYOTR LEONIDOVICH, USSR, Academy of Sciences, Moscow, * 1894, † 1984:
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics";
and the other half divided equally between:
PENZIAS, ARNO A., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1933 (in Munich, Germany); and
WILSON, ROBERT W., U.S.A., Bell Laboratories, Holmdel, NJ, * 1936:
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
GLASHOW, SHELDON L., U.S.A., Lyman Laboratory, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1932;
SALAM, ABDUS, Pakistan, International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, and Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, Great Britain, * 1926, † 1996; and
WEINBERG, STEVEN, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1933:
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including inter alia the prediction of the weak neutral current"
CRONIN, JAMES, W., U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1931; and
FITCH, VAL L., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1923:
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
BLOEMBERGEN, NICOLAAS, U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1920 (in the Netherlands); and
SCHAWLOW, ARTHUR L., U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, * 1921:
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy";
and the other half to:
SIEGBAHN, KAI M., Sweden, Uppsala University, Uppsala, * 1918:
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
CHANDRASEKHAR, SUBRAMANYAN, U.S.A., University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, * 1910 (in Lahore, India), † 1995:
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
and by the other half to:
FOWLER, WILLIAM A., U.S.A., California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, * 1911, † 1995:
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
RUBBIA, CARLO, Italy, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1934; and
VAN DER MEER, SIMON, the Netherlands, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1925:
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
RUSKA, ERNST, Federal Republic of Germany, Fritz- Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Berlin, * 1906, † 1988:
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
and the other half jointly to:
BINNIG, GERD, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1947; and
ROHRER, HEINRICH, Switzerland, IBM Zurich Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1933:
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
BEDNORZ, J. GEORG, Federal Republic of Germany, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1950; and
MÜLLER, K. ALEXANDER, Switzerland, IBM Research Laboratory, Rüschlikon, Switzerland, * 1927:
"for their important breakthrough in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
LEDERMAN, LEON M., U.S.A., Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL, * 1922;
SCHWARTZ, MELVIN, U.S.A., Digital Pathways, Inc., Mountain View, CA, * 1932; and
STEINBERGER, JACK, U.S.A., CERN, Geneva, Switzerland, * 1921 (in Bad Kissingen, FRG):
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
RAMSEY, NORMAN F., U.S.A., Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, * 1915:
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
and the other half jointly to:
DEHMELT, HANS G., U.S.A., University of Washington, Seattle, WA, * 1922 (in Görlitz, Germany); and
PAUL, WOLFGANG, Federal Republic of Germany, University of Bonn, Bonn, * 1913, † 1993:
"for the development of the ion trap technique"
FRIEDMAN, JEROME I., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1930;
KENDALL, HENRY W., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1926; and
TAYLOR, RICHARD E., Canada, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A., * 1929:
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
HULSE, RUSSELL A., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1950, and
TAYLOR Jr., JOSEPH H., U.S.A., Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, * 1941:
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
by one half to: BROCKHOUSE, BERTRAM N., Canada, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, * 1918:
"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"
and by the other half to: SHULL, CLIFFORD G., U.S.A., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, * 1915:
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
with one half to: PERL, MARTIN L., U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A., * 1927,
"for the discovery of the tau lepton"
and with one half to: REINES, FREDERICK, U.S.A., University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA, U.S.A., * 1918:
"for the detection of the neutrino"
LEE, DAVID M., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A., * 1931;
OSHEROFF, DOUGLAS D., U.S.A., Stanford University, Stanford, CA, U.S.A., * 1945; and
RICHARDSON, ROBERT C., U.S.A., Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A, * 1937:
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"